This Fish Outlived Dinosaurs But Oil and Gas Drilling May Threaten Its Survival
ver the weekend, Kofi Annan, who served as the seventh secretary-general of the United Nations, died at the age of 80, according to a statement from his foundation.Annan, born in Ghana in 1938, was the first leader of the United Nations elected from the organization's staff. Trained as an economist, he began his work at the U.N. in 1962 as a World Health Organization budget officer.
In 1980, he moved to the U.N. refugee agency, reports James Doubek at NPR. In 1993, he was tapped to head peacekeeping operations. He faced some of the U.N.’s most complex problems, including the wars in the former Yugoslavia, the Rwandan genocide and war in Somalia. In 1997 he became the first black African chosen for the role of secretary-general, and served two five-year terms.
His tenure included the beginning of the war on terror, which came with deep divisions over the Iraq War, reports Alan Cowell at The New York Times. Annan’s legacy is tied to these military and political crises, though he had little to no control over the U.N. Security Council, which handles such matters. Instead, his legacy—or at least what he hoped would be his legacy—was turning the U.N. into the world’s moral conscience and arbiter. Cowell reports that Annan reshaped the U.N.’s institutions and developed its “norm of humanitarian intervention.”
Annan was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 for combatting terrorism, prioritizing human rights, and helping to establish the Global AIDS and Health Fund. During his acceptance speech, he outlined the U.N.'s goals for the 21st century. “Only in a world that is rid of poverty can all men and women make the most of their abilities," he said. "Only where individual rights are respected can differences be channeled politically and resolved peacefully. Only in a democratic environment, based on respect for diversity and dialogue, can individual self-expression and self-government be secured, and freedom of association be upheld.”
But for all his good intentions, Annan's legacy is not without controversy. Timothy Longman at The Washington Post reports that Annan was in charge of peacekeeping in 1994 when a crisis in Rwanda developed into genocide. Annan was faulted for not heeding warning signs of violence and failing to intervene. He later wrote that he regretted his lack of leadership during the genocide. He also lamented his inability to stop the war in Bosnia, and decided on a more aggressive response. Military intervention was a controversial move, since the NATO bombing didn't have the backing of the U.N. Security Council.
Stanley Meisler at The Washington Post reports that these experiences helped Annan craft a new U.N. policy, overturning the notion that the group should avoid interfering in the affairs of other nations. When ethnic cleansing, genocide or attacks on civilians were involved, he argued, the U.N. had a responsibility to step in. A notable example of this came in 2011 with the bombing of Libya to end the regime of dictator Moammar Gaddafi.
Annan would likely be held in the same esteem as Dag Hammarskjold, the U.N.’s second secretary-general and considered by many to be its finest, if he hadn’t run up against the Bush administration in his second term, former undersecretary general Brian Urquhart tells The Washington Post. As the U.S. prepared to invade Iraq, Annan declared the war "illegal." That led to strained relations with the U.S. for the remainder of his term. That last term was also marred by an investigation into the “oil-for-food corruption scandal” that occurred under Annan’s watch.
After leaving the U.N., Annan spent his final decade working with peace, development and human rights groups and occasionally stepping in as a diplomat and negotiator.
“Kofi Annan was a guiding force for good,” current secretary-general António Guterres writes in a statement. “He provided people everywhere with a space for dialogue, a place for problem-solving and a path to a better world. In these turbulent and trying times, he never stopped working to give life to the values of the United Nations Charter. His legacy will remain a true inspiration for all of us.”
December 2000 while exploring the depths of Sodwana Bay, South Africa, scuba diver Pieter Venter came face-to-face with something no diver had ever seen alive before. At 320 feet, he and his colleagues encountered a coelacanth, an extremely rare type of fish that has existed for 400 million years—well before the time of the dinosaurs. The team recorded three fish in the area on that dive and in a later expedition, confirmed that a colony of these so-called “living fossils” lurked in deep water canyons in the bay. That colony of about 30 fish has more or less been left alone for the last two decades, but Tony Carnie at The Guardian reports that oil and gas drilling in the area may threaten the endangered species in the near future.
For decades, paleontologists knew about the human-sized coelacanth from the fossil record. It was believed the big fish went extinct 65 million years ago during the same event that put an end to dinosaurs. But in 1938, a fishing trawler working along the coast of South Africa alerted a local museum that they had found something strange in its nets. It turned out to be a living coelacanth. The creature was a sensation, proof that life is more resilient than we imagine and a reminder of how little we understand the oceans.
Last week, the Italian energy group Eni announced plans to drill in an exploration area known as Block ER236, a 250-mile long area just 25 miles south of Sodwano Bay, which is off the shore of iSimangaliso Wetland Park. In their environmental impact statement, the company says that it is unlikely that coelacanths live in the deep underwater canyons in the exploration area since the morphology is different than the shallower canyons they prefer in Sodwano. They also write that modeling shows no threat from oil spills.
But conservationists disagree. Andrew Venter, head of the South Africa group Wildtrust, tells The Guardian’s Carnie that an oil spill in the area could be a disaster. “The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 decimated fish populations – so if we had an oil spill off iSimangaliso it is very likely it could wipe out these coelacanths.”
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